With advances in healthcare, aging of the general population, and improvement in life expectancy, the prevalence of heart failure continues ...

Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid drug that is used for analgesia, often as an adjunct to other anesthetic drugs.1 Butorphanol ...

Awake craniotomy is a procedure in which a surgeon temporarily removes a piece of skull to access the brain while ...

Desflurane is an inhalational anesthetic drug used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in adults and maintenance of anesthesia in ...

Pediatric surgery is defined by the American Board of Surgery as “the diagnostic, operative and postoperative surgical care for children ...

Antibiotics are powerful medications that fight bacterial infections by either killing bacteria or keeping them from reproducing.1 Some well-known bacterial ...

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death worldwide.1 Cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths per year ...

Obese patients are becoming more commonplace in the operating room with each passing year. By the year 2030, an estimated ...

Complex surgical procedures, innovative anesthetic techniques and the need to protect a patient’s airways contribute to the requirement for mechanical ...

Among health professionals, it is common knowledge that children are “not just little adults.”1 Children have anxieties,2 anatomies3 and pathologies4 ...

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a general term for a group of heterogenous disorders affecting kidney structure and function.1 CKD ...

Achieving a smooth and rapid emergence from general anesthesia is a primary goal in all surgical cases. Previously, it was ...